The shower cartridge is the internal mechanism inside the valve body that controls water flow and temperature mixing. When it wears out: dripping when off, temperature swings, difficulty turning the handle, or the handle will not shut off fully. Replacing the cartridge fixes all of these without replacing the entire valve or opening the wall. The cartridge slides in and out of the valve body once you remove the handle and trim. Brand-specific -- you need the exact cartridge for your valve. Moen 1222, Delta RP19804, Kohler GP77759 are among the most common.